# 关于人工智能的定义，这篇文章定义比较全面了

DJ Patil在他的一个短片中 What’s the difference between ML and NN? 总结了机器学习和人工神经网络几点关系：

▲ DJ Patil: What's the difference between ML and NN?

1. 一种对人工神经网络，机器学习，人工智能之间关系的最基本看法是：人工神经网络是众多问题解决方案中的一种；
2. 现今阶段你所能看到的人工神经网络大部分是一种使用大量数据训练的多层深度学习网络，并在传统的误差反向传播（BP）技术之上衍生出很多其他特性；
3. 对于神经网络算法的提高也使得它与机器学习方法有了很多共同之处：比如监督学习、非监督学习、Logistic回归、随机森林等。这些方法的共同之处都是通过一些训练数据及来寻找到一些满足某些约束条件的函数映射。

Intelligence might be defined as the ability to learn and perform suitable techniques to solve problems and achieve goals, appropriate to the context in an uncertain,ever-varying world. A fully pre-programmed factory robotis flexible, accurate, and consistent but not intelligent.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), a term coined by emeritus Stanford Professor John McCarthy in 1955,was defined by him as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines”. Much research has humans program machines to behave in a clever way, like playing chess, but, today, we emphasize machines that can learn,at least somewhat like human beings do.

Autonomous systems can independently plan and decide sequences of steps to achieve a specified goal without micro-management. A hospital delivery robot must autonomously navigate busy corridors to succeed in its task. In AI, autonomy doesn’t have the sense of being self-governing common in politics or biology.

Machine Learning (ML) is the part of AI studying how computer agents can improve their perception,knowledge, thinking, or actions based on experience or data. For this, ML draws from computer science, statistics,psychology, neuroscience, economics and control theory.

In supervised learning, a computer learns to predict human-given labels, such as dog breed based on labeled dog pictures; unsupervised learning doesnot require labels, sometimes making its own prediction tasks such as trying to predict each successive word in a sentence; reinforcement learning lets an agent learn action sequences that optimize its total rewards,such as winning games, without explicit examples of good techniques, enabling autonomy.

Deep Learning is the use of large multi-layer(artificial) neural networks that compute with continuous (real number) representations, a little like the hierarchically organized neurons in human brains. It is currently the most successful ML approach, usable for all types of ML, with better generalization from small data and better scaling to big data and compute budgets.

An algorithm lists the precise steps to take, such as a person writes in a computer program. AI systems contain algorithms, but often just for a few parts like a learning or reward calculation method. Much of their behavior emerges via learning from data or experience,a sea change in system design that Stanford alumnus Andrej Karpathy dubbed Software 2.0.

Narrow AI is intelligent systems for one particular thing, e.g., speech or facial recognition.Human-level AI, or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), seeks broadly intelligent,context-aware machines. It is needed for effective social chatbots or human-robot interaction.

Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence is AI that seeks to augment the abilities of, address the societal needs of, and draw inspiration from human beings. It researches and builds effective partners and tools for people, such as a robot helper and companion for the elderly.

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